Colleges in London are rounding up a large number of pounds in understudy library fines, it has been uncovered.
Figures got by the BBC demonstrate that 21 colleges in the capital made £3,030,128.11 in the course of the last three scholastic years.
Lord's College London best the rundown, having accumulated £388,602.06.
The National Union of Students (NUS) has censured the framework saying it is "not workable" for understudies or colleges.
Ruler's College London demands there is a "substantial request" on its library assets and any cash got through the fines is "reinvested".
Middlesex University, University of Greenwich, University College London and University of the Arts London make up whatever remains of the best five of the 21 colleges inspected.
The base of the table is the University of Westminster, which says it has not gotten a penny in library fines since the "1990s", picking rather to "square" understudies from acquiring books for a timeframe.
London School of Economics (LSE) said it quit issuing fines in August 2014.
A representative for University of Westminster stated: "Our basis is that suspending library loaning for a period that matches any past due getting is a more evenhanded approach to support great library propensities."
A King's College representative said issuing fines was an approach to "guarantee that books are returned".
"To help abstain from charging fines, the due date is clarified, email updates are issued before books are expected back and there are different methods for reestablishing or returning books 24 hours per day," she said.
"Library staff likewise have the watchfulness to postpone fines in alleviating conditions."
'Not workable'
Izzy Lenga, NUS VP for welfare, said library fines added to the budgetary stresses of understudies.
"As a rule, establishments have forestalled understudies with settlement overdue debts or library fines from getting their degree or selecting for their one year from now of understudy," she said.
"They should discover answers for understudies reimbursing [non-academic] obligation as the present framework isn't workable for the college or the understudy."
The cash got by the 21 colleges has fallen every scholarly year since 2014, from £1,236,545.86 to £779,247.09 in 2016/17, as more scholastic assets go on the web.
Middlesex University got £131,326.29 from fines in 2014/15 yet by 2016/2017 this had tumbled to £91,400.31.
A representative for Middlesex University said fines went about as a "motivator" to return books on time and the cash was reinvested to help understudy administrations.
"There is a descending pattern in fines and we anticipate this will proceed as we move from a print-based administration to one where most data is conveyed carefully," she said.
Library fines got by London colleges from 2014-17
1. Ruler's College London - £388,602.06
2. Middlesex University - £336,493.56
3. College of Greenwich - £312,798.00
4. College London - £282,202.19
5. College of the Arts London - £221,281.00
6. Goldsmiths, University of London - £218,806.00
7. Ruler Mary University of London - £189,677.17
8. City University London - £172,274.61
9. London Metropolitan University - £171,591.00
10. London South Bank University - £159,408.00
11. Kingston University - £122,916.13
12. Birkbeck, University of London - £109,636.99
13. SOAS, University of London - £92,433.00
14. St Mary's University, Twickenham - £78,287.16
15. College of West London - £66,010.51
16. Brunel University London - £47,208.01
17. St George's University of London - £36,508.72
18. College of East London - £12,368.00
19. Magnificent College London - £10,225.00
20. London School of Economics - £1,401.00
21. College of Westminster - £0
22. College of Roehampton - did not react to FOI ask
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